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The purpose of this study was to determine the role of individual differences (i.e., belief in a just world and authoritarianism), and attitude (i.e., attitudes toward the criminal legal system), in predicting delinquent behavior. High school students (412 males, 423 females) completed
questionnaires that measured demographics, belief in a just world (BJW), authoritarianism (RWA), attitudes toward the criminal legal system (ATCLS), and delinquent behavior. Two models were assessed in this study. The first was a direct model, which assessed whether individual differences
or attitude best predicted rule-violating behavior. The second was an integrating model, which assessed the role of both factors, individual differences and attitude, as predictors of rule-violating behavior. For male adolescents, the direct model best predicted delinquency, suggesting negative
ATCLS was the sole significant predictor of rule-violating behavior. In contrast, for females, the integrating model best predicted delinquency, as negative ATCLS mediated the negative relation between BJW and delinquency, and partially mediated the negative relation between RWA and delinquency.
The implications of gender differences in predicting delinquent behavior are discussed.

Compares the legal cultures of Bulgaria, Poland, & Hungary with Spain, France, & the US to assess the role of legal cultures in the transition to democracy, drawing on 1995/96 interview data from national samples of adults (total N = 4,788). Macro- & microlevel comparisons found that populations in the newer democracies tend to be less supportive of political rights than those of the older democracies, but more supportive of social fairness; age differences in respect for the law were not confirmed. However, it was found that elites were less likely to show age-cohort differentiation & more likely to hold similar basic beliefs & values across countries than the masses. Overall, results indicated that the populations of the newer democracies are generally conservative to moderate in their social beliefs & cautious about democracy. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 26 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper explains why one can not ignore the behavioral context and assume a direct relationship between reasoning and behavior. Theoretically we argue that there are six gaps that make one question whether behavior automatically follows front reasoning. Empirically we provided evidence to support the theoretical argument from the legal socialization and the legal reasoning study. In the legal socialization study, norms about rule-violating behaviors and norms about enforcement mediate the relationship between reasoning and behavior. In the legal reasoning study, the behavioral context affects people's definition of the seriousness of the behavior and their judgment of certainty about the two charges. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Social learning theory (Rotter, 1954, 1966, 1975) predicts that generalized locus of control influences how expectancies for future success result from success or failure at performing a task. However, a study by Weiner et al. (1976) has cast serious doubt on the social learning model
of expectancy formation by supporting the attributional (Heider, 1958; Weiner et al., 1971) interpretation of the same phenomena as a function of the stability of causal attributions. Unfortunately, Weiner et al's (1976) findings are suspect due to several problems with their methodology.
The present study was designed to correct for these problems. Partial support was found for elements of both the social learning and attributional theories. Specifically, social learning theory best accounted for the effects of task familiarity on changes in expectancies, while attributional
theory provided the best description of the types of information that are involved in the initial formation of expectancies.

Three experiments examined the inhibition of escalation of aggression. Subjects either punished incorrect or rewarded correct responses made by a confederate on a learning task. In Experiment 1, some subjects were interrupted midway through the learning trials, and some of the interrupted
subjects coded their responses up to that point. The interruption and coding had no effect on escalation of reinforcement intensity over trials. In Experiment 2, half the subjects were individuated and half were de-individuated. Hall of each group expected to meet the "victim"
following the trials and half did not. Neither variable impeded escalation. In Experiment 3, half the subjects were provided with a "hot-line" that could be used to summon the experimenter. Some subjects were also videotaped during the experiment. The presence of the hot-line reduced
the overall intensity of aggression relative to the no hot-line group.

AbstractUsing survey data from two youth samples, one rural and one urban, we examine the role and significance of perceived community cohesion in the stress process. In particular, we assess the extent to which community attachment and detachment are related to depressed mood, problem substance use, and delinquency net of social statuses, stress exposure, and personal attributes. In addition, we explore the degree to which those dimensions of community cohesion explain or condition the links between the above stress‐process components (e.g., social statuses, stress exposure, and personal attributes) and well‐being. We find remarkably similar results across samples: community attachment is related to lower odds of problem substance use and delinquency; community detachment is related to higher levels of depressed mood, problem substance use, and delinquency; and community attachment buffers the link between stress and problem substance use. With respect to depressed mood, however, the rural youth show greater vulnerability to stress than the urban youth and unique benefits from community attachment compared to the latter. Our findings highlight the roles of community attachment and detachment in the stress process and underscore the importance of each for youth well‐being in rural and urban settings.

AbstractBackgroundYoung adults with intellectual/developmental disabilities and co‐occurring mental health conditions (IDD‐MH) experience significant mental health disparities. Barriers to services include transportation and stigma associated with services. Peer mentoring (PM) may be one solution to these barriers.MethodsWe conducted exploratory research to develop a PM intervention for young adults with IDD‐MH by partnering with 3 young adults with IDD‐MH and a seven‐member advisory board. In addition, we conducted focus groups with mental health clinicians (n = 10), peer providers (n = 9), and transition specialists (n = 20) to identify the desired PM outcomes and features and content that may facilitate these outcomes.ResultsPrioritized outcome: identifying and utilizing leisure activities as coping strategies. PM features: mentors should use relationship‐ and outcome‐driven actions to operationalize a mentee‐centred approach. Features and content considerations: safety, mentor matching, degree of structure, mentor training and support, and collaboration with mentees' support teams.DiscussionFindings are aligned with previous research on PM.

Objectives: Despite numerous interven­tions to address adherence to antihyperten­sive medications, continued high rates of uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) suggest a need to better understand patient factors beyond adherence associated with BP con­trol. We examined how patients' BP-related beliefs, and aspects of life context affect BP control, beyond medication adherence.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey of primary care patients with hypertension between 2010 and 2011 (N=103; 93 had complete data on all variables and were included in the regression analyses). We assessed patient so­ciodemographics (including race/ethnicity), medication adherence, BP-related beliefs, aspects of life context, and used clinical BP assessments.Results: Regression models including sociodemographics, medication adherence, and either beliefs or context consistently predicted BP control. Adding context after beliefs added no predictive value while adding beliefs after context significantly predicted BP control.Conclusion: Including patients' BP beliefs after context had the strongest effects on BP control.Practice Implications: Results suggest that when clinicians must choose a dimen­sion on which to intervene, focusing on beliefs would be the most fruitful approach to effecting change in BP control.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(4):567-576; doi:10.18865/ ed.29.4.567